Intel · Glossary

Glossary

305 terms a quant desk would assume you know — markets, options, AI infrastructure and our own house vocabulary. Each definition is short, answers the question first and links to the Closelooknet board or read that uses it, so a glossary entry doubles as a map into the rest of the site.

New and updated terms

New 15 Sept 2026 2s10s Spread The difference between the ten-year and the two-year Treasury yield, in basis points — the most-watched measure of the yield curve’s slope. Positive is a normal curve, negative is an inversion; it narrows in a flattening and widens in a steepening.
New 15 Sept 2026 AI Credit Residual The part of an AI borrower’s bond-yield change that is left after subtracting the Treasury move, the market-wide credit spread move and the move in its rating cohort. It measures whether the market charges the issuer more than its rating and the market explain.
New 15 Sept 2026 AI Funding Ladder Closelook’s ranking of how AI infrastructure is paid for, from companies that fund capex from their own balance sheet down to builders financed by project debt and vendor credit. Credit stress is read as how far up the ladder it has climbed, not as a spread level.
New 15 Sept 2026 Bear Flattening A yield-curve move in which short-term yields rise faster than long-term yields, so the curve flattens while all yields go up. It is the signature of a market pricing central-bank hikes without believing they will last.

2

2s10s Spread New: The difference between the ten-year and the two-year Treasury yield, in basis points — the most-watched measure of the yield curve’s slope. Positive is a normal curve, negative is an inversion; it narrows in a flattening and widens in a steepening.

3

3D Stacking: Vertical integration of chips into a stack rather than side by side; high-bandwidth memory (HBM) is the consumer example.

A

ABR (Agent Beneficiary Ratio): Closelook's 5-dimension scoring framework rating how much a public company benefits from or is threatened by AI agent disruption.
Accruals Ratio: Net income minus operating cash flow, scaled by total assets. Measures how much of reported profit is accounting accrual rather than cash — high accruals have historically preceded weak returns (Sloan, 1996).
Active Momentum (AM): Closelook's momentum-tilted index variant: it holds only the top 60% of constituents ranked by momentum, rebalanced on the parent index's regular schedule — an index-level, rules-based expression of momentum rather than a discretionary trade.
ACV (Annual Contract Value): The annualized revenue from a single customer contract; differentiate from company-wide ARR and from lifetime value (LTV).
Advance-Decline Line: A cumulative running total of advancing minus declining issues on an index or exchange, day over day. Divergence between the A/D line and a cap-weighted index reveals whether a rally is broadly participated in or carried by a narrow group of large-weighted names.
Advanced Packaging: Umbrella term for techniques like CoWoS, chiplets, and 3D stacking that integrate multiple dies into one package; a primary AI supply constraint.
ADX (Average Directional Index): Wilder's 1978 trend-strength gauge, derived from +DI and -DI (directional movement indicators), smoothed over 14 periods. ADX measures how strongly a trend is moving, not which direction — readings below roughly 20 signal no trend, above roughly 25 signal a trend is established. It is typically paired with +DI/-DI or another directional rule.
AI Barbell: Closelook's portfolio construction pairing long AI-infrastructure exposure against short disrupted-SaaS exposure.
AI Credit Residual New: The part of an AI borrower’s bond-yield change that is left after subtracting the Treasury move, the market-wide credit spread move and the move in its rating cohort. It measures whether the market charges the issuer more than its rating and the market explain.
AI Funding Ladder New: Closelook’s ranking of how AI infrastructure is paid for, from companies that fund capex from their own balance sheet down to builders financed by project debt and vendor credit. Credit stress is read as how far up the ladder it has climbed, not as a spread level.
Alpha: Return above a benchmark. In prediction markets context, Closelook's Directional Alpha framework identifies 51 patterns for generating returns above the market's implied probability.
Altman Z-Score: Edward Altman's 1968 bankruptcy-risk composite: five balance-sheet and earnings ratios weighted into one number. Above 2.99 = safe zone, 1.81–2.99 = grey zone, below 1.81 = distress zone.
American Depositary Receipt (ADR): A US-listed certificate representing shares of a foreign company, letting US investors trade foreign stocks on a US exchange, in dollars, without opening a brokerage account abroad.
Anchoring: The cognitive bias of clinging to an initial reference number — a purchase price, a 52-week high, a round figure — when judging whether a current price is cheap or expensive, even when that number carries no information about current value.
ARR (Annual Recurring Revenue): The annualized value of a SaaS company's recurring subscription revenue; the foundation of SaaS valuation and the metric agentic disruption pressures.
ARR Multiple: Enterprise value divided by ARR; SaaS valuation shorthand that compressed from 30x+ in 2021 to roughly 8-15x by 2024-26.
ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit): A chip designed for one specific workload rather than general-purpose computing; the hyperscaler answer to NVIDIA GPU dependence.
Assignment: When an option seller is required to fulfill the contract because the buyer exercises; the event that converts a short option into a stock position.
ATE (Automated Test Equipment): Machines that test semiconductor chips before shipping. Advantest dominates ATE for advanced logic and HBM. Testing is an underappreciated bottleneck — every chip must pass ATE before it generates revenue.
ATM (At-The-Money): An option whose strike price is approximately equal to the current price of the underlying; carries the highest gamma and the most time premium per day.
ATR (Average True Range): J. Welles Wilder's 1978 volatility measure. True range is the greatest of: current high minus low, high minus prior close, or low minus prior close — capturing gaps a simple high-low range misses. ATR is its 14-period moving average, expressed in price units. It measures volatility magnitude only; it carries no directional information.
AW40 (Agentic Winners 40): A 40-name equal-weight index across four tiers — gateway, control plane, application leaders, endpoints — gated by the Agent Beneficiary Ratio (ABR).

B

Backside Power Delivery: A chip architecture moving power routing to the underside of the wafer, freeing the front for signal wiring; a key node-transition technology.
Bandwidth (Memory / Networking): The rate at which data can be transferred; the constraint that binds AI performance after raw compute is satisfied.
Barbell Strategy: The barbell strategy, associated with Nassim Taleb, allocates to two extremes — very safe exposure and very aggressive, high-upside exposure — while deliberately avoiding the moderate-risk middle that balanced portfolios typically fill.
Base Rate: The historical frequency of an event class; the calibration anchor any forecast should start from before adjusting for specifics.
Basis Risk: The risk that a hedge and the position it protects do not move together perfectly; relevant for any cross-asset hedge.
Bear Flattening New: A yield-curve move in which short-term yields rise faster than long-term yields, so the curve flattens while all yields go up. It is the signature of a market pricing central-bank hikes without believing they will last.
Beneish M-Score: Messod Beneish's 1999 earnings-manipulation probe: eight indexes of statement distortion combined into one score. Above −1.78 flags manipulation risk; below −2.22 is the unlikely zone.
Beta: The sensitivity of an asset's returns to overall market movements; a beta of 1 moves with the market, the companion concept to alpha.
Beta Convexity: The asymmetry between a stock's beta in up-markets versus down-markets — measured as up-capture minus down-capture against a benchmark. A name with up-beta exceeding down-beta participates more in rallies than it gives back in drawdowns, a favorable asymmetry for compounding through a full cycle.
Bid-Ask Spread: The gap between the highest buy price and the lowest sell price; the primary execution cost in any market.
Binary Option (Prediction Market Context): A contract paying a fixed amount ($1) if an event occurs and nothing if it does not; the structural form of all prediction-market contracts.
Bollinger Coiling: A Closelook-tracked state where Bollinger Bands compress tightly, signaling a coming volatility expansion.
Bookings vs Revenue: Bookings are contracted future revenue; revenue is what is recognized now. Bookings lead, revenue lags.
Breakeven Inflation: The market-implied inflation expectation: nominal Treasury yield minus TIPS real yield at the same maturity. The 5-year, 5-year forward breakeven is the standard gauge of whether long-run inflation expectations remain anchored.
Brier Score: Accuracy score for probabilistic forecasts — mean squared difference between predicted probability and actual outcome. Lower is better; perfect = 0, worst = 1. Closelook scores every Predictions call with Brier alongside log-loss so the public scoreboard rewards calibration, not confident wrongness.
Burn Rate: The rate at which a company consumes cash each month; paired with runway, it is the survival math for unprofitable SaaS.

C

CAC (Customer Acquisition Cost): The total sales and marketing cost to acquire one new customer; the denominator in the LTV/CAC efficiency ratio.
CAC Payback Period: The number of months for a customer's gross profit to recover their acquisition cost; under 12 months is excellent, over 24 is problematic.
Calibration (Forecasting): The alignment between stated probabilities and actual outcome frequencies; a calibrated 70% forecaster is right 70% of the time on 70% calls.
Call Option: A contract giving the buyer the right, not the obligation, to buy the underlying at a fixed strike price before expiry; buyers gain leveraged upside, sellers collect premium.
CapEx Cycle: The pattern of capital expenditure growth and contraction in an industry. AI infrastructure is in the expansion phase. Historical parallels (2000 Telecom, 2018 Crypto) suggest CapEx cycles end suddenly.
Capex Intensity New: Capital expenditure as a share of revenue. It shows how much of every dollar of sales a company reinvests in plant, equipment and — for the AI builders — data centres and chips. Hyperscaler capex intensity has more than doubled since 2023.
Carry Trade: Borrowing in a low-yield currency to invest in a higher-yield one; the engine behind JPY-funding flows that affect tech valuations.
Cascade Tracker (5-Domino Cascade): Closelook's 5-step sequence model for how a regime breakdown propagates across cross-asset relationships.
Cash-Secured Put: An options strategy: sell a put option while holding enough cash to buy the stock if assigned. Used by Closelook to enter positions at lower prices while earning premium. The Derivatives portfolio is 80-95% cash with puts generating income.
CFTC (US Commodity Futures Trading Commission): The US regulator of derivatives and event contracts; its oversight is what makes Kalshi a legal domestic prediction market.
Charm (Delta Decay): A second-order Greek measuring how an option's delta changes simply with the passage of time — most pronounced for short-dated options near expiry.
Chiplet: A modular chip design connecting multiple smaller dies in one package; lowers yield risk at the cost of integration complexity.
Churn: The customers or revenue lost in a period; logo churn counts customers, revenue churn counts dollars, and they diverge meaningfully.
Cluster (GPU/AI): A networked group of GPUs working in parallel for training or inference; scale exposes bandwidth as the binding constraint.
Cohort Analysis: Tracking groups of customers by acquisition period to reveal retention and expansion dynamics invisible in aggregate metrics.
Cointegration: A statistical property where two assets share a long-run equilibrium; the foundation of Closelook's pair-trade methodology.
Collar: A defined-range options position combining long stock, a long protective put, and a short covered call to cap both downside and upside.
Compute (AI): The general term for processing capacity used to train or run AI models; measured in FLOPS, TOPS, or GPU-hours.
Constraint Relay: A Closelook term for how the binding bottleneck in a technology build-out migrates along the supply chain over time — from chips to memory to packaging to power to cooling — and pricing power travels with it, like a relay baton passed from one constraint-solver to the next.
Constraint Sector: Segments of the AI supply chain where structural demand exceeds supply, giving suppliers durable pricing power.
Convexity: The rate of change of a bond's duration; it makes price gains from falling rates exceed price losses from rising rates.
Corrective Wave: The counter-trend structures in Elliott Wave theory — zigzag, flat, triangle and combination — that interrupt an impulse. Correctives carry far less structural constraint than an impulse, which is why counts most often go wrong here.
Correlation: A statistical measure of how two assets move together, from -1 to +1; the foundation of cross-asset and pair-trade analysis.
Covered Call: An options strategy: own the underlying stock and sell a call option against it. Generates income but caps upside. Used extensively in Closelook's Derivatives portfolio for income generation in sideways markets.
CoWoS (Chip-on-Wafer-on-Substrate): TSMC's advanced packaging technology that bonds compute dies with HBM memory stacks. The primary packaging bottleneck in the AI supply chain. Capacity sold out since 2023.
CPI (Consumer Price Index): The standard measure of consumer inflation; a market-moving monthly release that shapes Fed rate expectations.
CPO (Co-Packaged Optics): An architecture that integrates optical engines into the same package as a switch or compute chip, replacing pluggable transceiver modules. It moves the optical interconnect — and its economics — inside the package.
CPU (Central Processing Unit): A general-purpose processor optimized for sequential tasks; contrasts with the GPU's parallel architecture for AI workloads.
Credit Spread: The yield difference between corporate bonds and Treasuries; a primary stress gauge for risk assets.
Curve Inversion: When short-term yields exceed long-term yields; a recession indicator that historically leads downturns by 12-18 months.

D

Daily Pulse: Closelook's daily market read covering temperature, cross-asset moves, regional action, and basket performance.
Data Center (AI Data Center): A facility housing servers and accelerators; AI-optimized data centers differ from traditional ones in power and cooling density.
Data Center REIT New: A real-estate investment trust that owns and leases data-centre buildings and power to cloud providers and enterprises — Equinix and Digital Realty above all. They are the landlords of the AI build-out: high leverage by design, positive cash generation, and a separate animal from the builders they house.
De-Grossing New: A fund cutting both its long and its short positions at once to reduce total exposure, usually after losses or a rise in volatility. It moves prices without a view on the companies — crowded longs fall and crowded shorts rise together.
Death Cross: Bearish trend-follow signal when the 50-day moving average crosses below the 200-day moving average — the mirror image of the Golden Cross. It is more confirmation than prediction: because both averages lag price, the cross often prints late, and it has a mixed empirical record, sometimes marking bottoms rather than the start of a sustained decline.
Delta: The options Greek measuring directional exposure; ranges -1 to 1, and roughly approximates the probability of finishing in-the-money.
Diagonal Spread: An options spread using different strikes AND different expiries; typically a longer-dated long leg against a shorter-dated short leg.
Die: A single piece of silicon containing a chip's circuitry, cut from a larger wafer; the unit yield is measured against.
Directional Alpha: Closelook's systematic framework of 51 patterns for trading prediction markets.
Directional Flow (DF): Closelook's proprietary trend-intensity metric — a recency-weighted linear regression slope on log price, annualised — computed nightly across the full coverage universe. Positive DF means uptrend pressure is building, negative means downtrend pressure; it measures trend, it does not recommend a trade.
Distance to Default New: A measure of how far a company’s asset value is from the point at which it could not repay its debt, expressed in standard deviations, derived from its equity price, equity volatility and debt structure (the Merton model). It turns stock-market information into a credit signal that updates daily.
Divergence (Technical): A disagreement between price and a confirming indicator such as RSI or MACD, flagging a potential trend exhaustion.
Dow Theory: Dow Theory is the classic framework, built from Charles Dow's editorials, that reads markets through three simultaneous trends — primary, secondary and minor — confirmed when related averages move together and validated by volume; a primary trend is treated as intact until a definitive reversal proves otherwise.
DRAM: Dynamic random-access memory; the volatile main-memory technology and the base from which high-bandwidth memory (HBM) is built.
Duration: A bond's price sensitivity to interest-rate changes; longer duration means larger price swings per unit of rate move.
DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing): An optical networking technique sending many wavelengths of light down one fiber, multiplying interconnect capacity for AI clusters.
DXY (US Dollar Index): An index measuring the US dollar against a basket of six major currencies. DXY strength is typically a headwind for non-US tech stocks and commodities including Bitcoin. The Weekly Signal tracks DXY through the Macro dimension.

E

Earnings Print New: A company’s quarterly results release — the report, the guidance and the conference call — as the market receives them. “Beat” and “miss” describe the report against estimates; what the shares do afterwards is a separate fact, and often the more important one.
Earnings Yield: A cheapness measure expressed as profit over price. Joel Greenblatt's variant — EBIT divided by enterprise value — neutralizes differences in leverage that plain earnings-over-price (E/P) cannot.
EBITDA Multiple: Enterprise Value divided by EBITDA — the most common valuation metric for comparing companies across sectors. In the context of the Software-Credit Nexus, PE-acquired SaaS companies are leveraged at 8-10x EBITDA, creating risk when margins compress.
Economic Moat: A durable competitive advantage that protects profits. In AI investing, Closelook distinguishes between physics-based moats (ASML's EUV monopoly, TSMC's fabrication lead) and software moats (which agentic AI may erode).
EDA (Electronic Design Automation): Software used to design and verify chips; a near-duopoly of Cadence and Synopsys sitting upstream of every modern semiconductor.
Elliott Wave Theory: A technical analysis framework that identifies recurring fractal wave patterns in price action. Markets move in five-wave impulse sequences (trending) and three-wave corrective sequences (counter-trend). Closelook applies Elliott Wave analysis to BTC and NDX as a qualitative overlay on the Weekly Signal framework.
Empire State Manufacturing Survey New: The New York Federal Reserve’s monthly survey of manufacturers in New York State, released around the 15th — the first regional read on the current month’s activity. Its headline index is positive when more firms report improving conditions than worsening ones; zero is the dividing line.
Equal Weight vs Cap Weight New: Two ways to build an index: cap-weighted gives each stock a weight proportional to its market value, so the largest names dominate; equal-weighted gives every constituent the same weight, so breadth decides. Closelook indices publish both, with equal weight as the headline.
Ethernet (AI Networking): The standard networking protocol now challenging InfiniBand in AI clusters via the Broadcom-led Ultra Ethernet initiative.
Euro-AI 50: Closelook's European AI-sovereignty index of 45-55 names trading at a deep discount to US peers.
EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography): The most advanced chipmaking technology using 13.5nm wavelength light. ASML is the sole supplier of EUV machines. Required for all advanced chips below 7nm. ASML's EUV order book is a Closelook Sentinel indicator.
EV/Revenue: Enterprise value divided by revenue; the default valuation metric for high-growth SaaS when EBITDA is negative.
Evaluator Access New: Permanent, employee-level access for independent outside organisations to a lab’s frontier models and internal systems, so that safety and capability claims can be checked before and after release. Proposed as a commitment by Anthropic and OpenAI in September 2026; the evaluators have not yet been named.
Event Contract: A financial contract that resolves on the outcome of a real-world event; the regulated framing of a prediction-market contract.
Exercise: When an option holder invokes the right to buy (call) or sell (put) the underlying at the strike price.
Expansion Revenue: Revenue growth from existing customers via upsell, cross-sell, and increased usage; the engine behind net revenue retention above 100%.
Expiration: The fixed date on which an option contract resolves; available as weekly, monthly, or long-dated LEAPS expiries.
Extended-Hours Trading New: Trading before the 9:30 ET open (pre-market, from 4:00) and after the 16:00 ET close (after-hours, to 20:00) on electronic venues. Volume is thin, spreads are wide, and moves on earnings prints are often reversed in the regular session — which is why they are reports, not closes.

F

Fab (Fabrication Facility): A semiconductor manufacturing plant; leading-edge fabs cost $15-25B+ to build, concentrating production among a few players.
Factor Regime New: Which style of stock is leading the market — momentum, low volatility, value, quality, size — read from the ratio of factor funds to each other. Closelook’s gauge tracks momentum against low volatility; when low volatility leads, the market is rotating defensively whatever the headline index says.
FCF (Free Cash Flow): Cash generated after operating expenses and capex; the number that survives the hype cycle and grounds mature-SaaS valuation.
FCF Yield: Free cash flow divided by market capitalization — the cash return the business generates on its current price. The inverse of P/FCF, and harder to flatter with accounting choices than earnings yield.
FCF-to-Capex Cover New: Operating cash flow (or free cash flow before capex) divided by capital expenditure over the trailing four quarters — whether a company pays for its investment programme from the business or from outside money. Above 1× is self-funded; below 1× the gap is borrowed or raised.
Fed Funds Rate: The US central bank's overnight policy rate; the anchor for all dollar-denominated financial conditions.
Fibonacci Retracement: A charting framework that marks potential support or resistance levels at fixed ratios — 23.6%, 38.2%, 50%, 61.8% and 78.6% — of a prior price swing, derived from the Fibonacci sequence and widely used to frame where a pullback might pause.
Flash Memory (NAND Flash): Non-volatile storage that retains data without power; the technology underlying SSDs and the AI data-storage layer.
FOMC New: The Federal Open Market Committee — the Federal Reserve body that sets the US policy rate, meeting eight times a year and publishing rate projections (the dot plot) at four of them. Its decision is the single scheduled event that reprices the discount rate on every long-duration asset at once.
Forward-Deployed Engineer (FDE): A customer-embedded engineering role, originating at Palantir, in which the vendor's own engineers work inside a client's operations to deploy and adapt software to that client's specific workflows — now hired at scale by AI labs and agentic-software vendors deploying models into enterprise use.
FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array): A reconfigurable chip whose logic can be rewritten after manufacture; occupies a niche AI role between GPUs and fixed ASICs.
Frontier Model New: The most capable AI models at any moment — the handful trained at the largest scale by a few labs, whose release sets the pace for everyone else. A new frontier generation decides how much compute the industry orders next, which is why the term matters to markets, not only to researchers.
Frontier Pacing New: The proposal, made publicly by Anthropic’s chief executive on 12 September 2026 and endorsed by OpenAI and xAI, that the AI industry slow the rate at which frontier models gain capability and let outside evaluators inside the labs. Markets read it as a statement about how fast compute gets bought.
Functional Index: A proprietary Closelook concept: indices weighted by supply chain function rather than market capitalization. Reveals structural dynamics that cap-weighted ETFs (SMH, SOXX) miss.
Funding Rate (Crypto): The periodic payment mechanism on crypto perpetual futures that keeps them tethered to spot; a real-time sentiment gauge.

G

Gamma: The options Greek measuring the rate of change of delta; highest near at-the-money and near expiry, where short options become most dangerous.
Gamma Squeeze: A self-reinforcing rally in which heavy call buying forces short-gamma dealers to buy the underlying as it rises, and that hedging itself pushes price higher.
Generation Rotation: Closelook's sector-leadership rotation framework tied to NVIDIA's GPU generation phases: Dawn, Early Ramp, Mid, Sunset.
Golden Cross: Bullish trend-follow signal when the 50-day moving average crosses above the 200-day moving average. The Death Cross is the mirror image. Simple, widely watched, often self-fulfilling on index futures. The Pattern Engine logs Golden / Death Crosses across Rubin and Euro-AI as one of 51 Directional-Alpha patterns.
GPU Depreciation New: The accounting write-down of AI accelerators over their assumed useful life — typically five to six years at the hyperscalers — and the debate over whether that life is too long. A shorter life raises reported costs, lowers earnings and cuts the collateral value behind GPU-backed debt.
Gross Margin: Revenue minus cost of goods sold, divided by revenue. A simple quality gauge. SaaS compounders sit at 70-85%, semiconductor designers at 50-70%, commodity producers below 30%. Expanding gross margin usually signals pricing power; contracting margin is an early warning. HALO 100 screens compounders on sustained gross-margin levels.

H

HALO 100: Closelook's functional growth-compounder index of 100 names across 12 sectors.
HBM (High Bandwidth Memory): Vertically stacked DRAM dies connected to GPUs via advanced packaging. Essential for AI accelerators — HBM3E is current generation, HBM4 is next. Micron and SK Hynix control supply.
Heat Score New: Closelook’s 0–100 reading of how much a theme is driving the market right now, attached to every entry in the 101 reference and shown with a trend arrow. It is an editorial judgement updated as the reference is maintained, not a computed indicator.
Heresy (Closelook Heresies): Closelook's editorial format for short-form opinions taken explicitly against prevailing market consensus.
High Yield / Investment Grade: The credit-quality split in corporate bonds; below BBB- is high yield (junk), at or above is investment grade.
Hurst Exponent: A statistical measure of time-series persistence on a 0-1 scale: below 0.5 is mean-reverting, above 0.5 is trending.
Hyperscaler New: A cloud provider that builds and operates data-centre capacity at global scale — Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet and Meta, with Oracle usually counted as the fifth. They are the largest buyers of AI compute and the top rung of the AI funding ladder.

I

Immersion Cooling: A data-center cooling method that submerges hardware in non-conductive dielectric fluid; emerging for racks above 100kW.
Implied Volatility: The market's forward-looking volatility forecast, extracted from option prices. Not historical — expectational. High IV means rich option premium; low IV means cheap premium. Closelook's Derivatives portfolio sells premium when IV Rank is in the upper quartile and steps aside when it collapses.
Impulse Wave: The five-wave directional structure (1-2-3-4-5) in Elliott Wave theory — three in the trend direction, two corrective. Three hard rules make the count falsifiable; break one and the count is wrong, not just unlikely.
Index Concentration: Index concentration is the rising share of a cap-weighted index's total weight held by its largest constituents. As those names outperform, cap-weighting mechanically feeds them more index weight, compounding the concentration further.
Indium Phosphide (InP): The III-V semiconductor material used to make the lasers that generate light in datacom optics — EMLs and continuous-wave sources. Silicon cannot lase; InP is where the photons come from, and in 2026 its supply is the optics chain's tightest constraint.
InfiniBand: A high-bandwidth, low-latency networking protocol that NVIDIA controls via its Mellanox acquisition; the incumbent in AI clusters.
Information Ratio: Active return per unit of tracking error; the benchmark-relative cousin of the Sharpe Ratio, measuring consistency of outperformance.
Interest Coverage Ratio New: Operating profit divided by interest expense — how many times a company can pay its interest from what it earns. Above 5× is comfortable, below 2× is strained, and a negative reading means the business does not cover its interest at all.
Intrinsic Value: The value a business is worth based on its assets, earnings power and prospects — independent of its quoted price. Benjamin Graham treated it as an estimated range built from conservative assumptions, never a single precise number.
Invalidation Level: The price at which an Elliott wave count is objectively wrong — not unlikely, wrong. A wave-2 read dies if price exceeds the wave-1 start; wave-4 overlap kills a non-diagonal impulse. It converts a narrative into a testable level.
Iron Condor: A defined-risk neutral options strategy combining a put credit spread and a call credit spread on the same underlying and expiry.
ITM (In-The-Money): An option that holds intrinsic value: a call with the stock above the strike, or a put with the stock below the strike.
IV Rank: Where current implied volatility sits within its trailing 52-week range, on a 0-100 scale; the timing signal for premium selling.

J

January Effect: Seasonal anomaly where small-cap equities historically outperform in January, driven by December tax-loss selling reversing plus start-of-year reinvestment flows. Documented since the 1970s, the effect has attenuated since 2000 as index futures and tax-aware strategies arbitraged it out. Noted in the Weekly Signal's seasonality layer but never a standalone Closelook thesis.

K

Kalshi: A US-regulated event-contract exchange operating under CFTC oversight; the leading onshore prediction market.
Kelly Criterion: A mathematical formula for optimal position sizing. It calculates the fraction of capital to allocate to a trade based on the probability of winning and the payoff ratio. Closelook uses a fractional Kelly approach (typically half-Kelly) to determine position sizes across the ten reference portfolios.
Korea Discount: The tendency of South Korean listed companies to trade at lower valuations than global peers with comparable fundamentals, attributed to governance concerns, opaque chaebol conglomerate structures, and limited accessibility for foreign funds.

L

Lab Grid: Closelook's live grid scoring 60+ ETFs across Hurst, cointegration, and regime dimensions.
Labor Share New: The fraction of a country’s income that goes to workers as wages and benefits rather than to owners of capital as profits, rent and interest. Around 56% to 60% in the United States for decades; the number AI scenarios move most.
Latency (Hardware): The time delay in moving data between components; lower latency means higher cluster utilization at scale.
Leveraged Loan New: A floating-rate bank loan to a company that already carries significant debt, syndicated to institutional investors and priced as a spread over a benchmark such as SOFR. Because the coupon resets with short rates, loan prices barely move when Treasuries sell off — which makes them a clean read on pure credit.
Line 11 New: The premium essay at the end of every Morning 10 — after the ten numbered points, one longer piece that takes the day’s most important thread and argues it through, for members. Teased at the top of the edition, finished at the bottom.
Linear Regression Channel: A statistical trend channel constructed by regressing price on time, then plotting upper and lower parallel bands at one or two standard deviations above and below the regression line. Used for mean-reversion entries inside a trend. Closelook's Cointegration Monitor leans on LRC deviations to timestamp pair-trading entries.
Liquid Cooling: Direct-to-chip or rack-level liquid cooling; now standard for AI data centers above roughly 50kW per rack.
Liquidity (Prediction Markets): The depth available at given prices; usually thin in tail contracts, which limits executable size and widens effective spreads.
Lithography: The chip-manufacturing step that uses light to pattern circuits onto silicon; ASML's EUV monopoly defines the leading edge.
Log Loss: A forecasting accuracy score that punishes confident wrong calls severely; a companion to the Brier Score that Closelook uses alongside it.
Logo Retention: The percentage of customers retained over a period, ignoring expansion; a cleaner signal of product stickiness than net revenue retention.
Long Gamma: A position whose hedge moves against the market — selling into strength and buying into weakness — which dampens volatility and stabilises price.
Loss Aversion: The tendency to weigh losses roughly twice as heavily as equivalent gains, first quantified in Kahneman and Tversky's 1979 prospect theory. In trading it produces the disposition effect: winners sold early, losers held too long.
LTV (Lifetime Value): The total gross profit expected from a customer over the relationship's life; the foundation of SaaS unit economics.
LTV/CAC Ratio: Customer lifetime value divided by acquisition cost; above 3x is healthy, above 5x is excellent, below 1x destroys capital.

M

MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence): MACD line = 12-day EMA minus 26-day EMA; a 9-day EMA of that line is the signal line, and the histogram plots their difference. Gerald Appel introduced it in the 1970s. Crossovers, zero-line crosses and price/MACD divergence are the three standard reads; it whipsaws like any trend-following tool when the tape is range-bound.
Magic Formula: Joel Greenblatt's two-factor stock ranking: rank every company by earnings yield (cheapness) and return on capital (quality), add the ranks, and buy the basket with the highest combined rank — rebalanced annually.
Magic Number: The ratio of new ARR to prior-period sales and marketing spend; above 0.75 indicates efficient, repeatable growth.
Magnificent Seven New: Apple, Microsoft, Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, Nvidia and Tesla — the seven US mega-caps that drove most of the S&P 500’s return in 2023 and 2024 and still anchor the cap-weighted indices. Tracked as a group through the Roundhill fund MAGS.
Margin of Safety: Benjamin Graham's rule for buying only when price sits meaningfully below a conservatively estimated intrinsic value, so errors, bad luck and things nobody could have known are absorbed by the discount rather than by the investor.
Market Breadth: How many stocks are participating in a market move — advance-decline line, new highs vs new lows, the share of stocks above the 200-day moving average. A narrow rally carried by a handful of mega-caps is structurally fragile; broad breadth confirms regime strength. Closelook feeds breadth into the Money Temperature composite.
Market Maker (Dealer): A liquidity provider that quotes both bid and offer and takes the other side of customer option trades, then hedges the resulting risk in the underlying.
Market Regime: The prevailing market environment that determines whether risk-taking is rewarded or punished. Closelook scores regime on a 0-100 composite: 80+ is Green (risk-on), 50-79 Yellow (caution), below 50 Red (risk-off). Regime determination is the first and most important level of the Weekly Signal.
Maximum Drawdown: The largest peak-to-trough decline in portfolio value. Closelook reports max drawdown for every portfolio and uses the Weekly Signal regime system to manage drawdown risk — Red regime triggers capital preservation.
Mean Reversion: The tendency of prices to return toward a historical average; the foundation of cointegration and pair-trade strategies, opposite to momentum.
Melt-Up: A melt-up is a late-stage rally that accelerates on participation and fear of missing out rather than on improving fundamentals — marked by a steepening, parabolic slope and shifting breadth. Practitioners read it as information about the current market regime, not as a standalone signal to sell.
Memory Bandwidth: The rate at which data moves between memory and the processor; the specific bottleneck that high-bandwidth memory (HBM) exists to relieve.
Metaculus: A forecasting community that aggregates members' probability estimates without monetary stakes; a calibration benchmark rather than a market.
Midday 10 New: Closelook’s intraday briefing, published at 12:30 Eastern time on US trading days: ten points on the first three hours of the session — who is up, who is down, which of the morning’s levels held — with the same what/if/why/then pattern as the Morning 10 and its own Line 11.
Model Drift New: The gradual change in a deployed AI model’s behaviour or accuracy over time — because the world it was trained on changes, because it is updated on its own outputs, or because its evaluators drift with it. The risk that makes closed loops of self-improvement dangerous rather than merely fast.
Momentum: The tendency of a price trend to persist in its current direction; the foundation of trend-following, opposite to mean reversion.
Money Temperature: Closelook's 0-100 regime score across 8 instruments and 5 dimensions, classifying market regime intensity.
Moneyness: Moneyness describes an option's strike price relative to the underlying's current price — in-the-money (ITM), at-the-money (ATM), or out-of-the-money (OTM) — and it drives how much of the option's value is intrinsic versus time value.
Morning 10 New: Closelook’s pre-market briefing, published at 08:00 Central European time on trading days: ten numbered points on the overnight tape — each with what happened, what would confirm it, why it matters and what we do — followed by Line 11, a premium essay. Written from live quotes, not from the previous evening.
MOVE Index: The bond market's volatility index, derived from Treasury options; the fixed-income equivalent of the VIX.
Moving Average: A moving average smooths price into a single trend line. The Simple Moving Average (SMA) weights every bar in the window equally; the Exponential Moving Average (EMA) weights recent bars more heavily and reacts faster. The 20/50/200-day windows are the standard short/intermediate/long-term reads; every moving average lags price by construction.
Mr. Market: Benjamin Graham's allegory for stock quotations: an emotionally erratic business partner who shows up daily offering to buy your shares or sell you his, at a price set by his mood rather than the business's worth.
MRR (Monthly Recurring Revenue): The monthly version of ARR; the standard recurring-revenue metric for early-stage and product-led SaaS.

N

Naked Option: A short option sold without owning the underlying or holding an offsetting position; carries undefined (potentially unlimited) risk.
Neocloud New: A specialist cloud provider that rents GPU capacity for AI workloads rather than offering a general cloud — CoreWeave, Nebius, Lambda and similar. Neoclouds grow on contracted capacity financed by project debt, which places them on the most funding-dependent rung of the AI ladder.
Net New ARR: New ARR plus expansion ARR minus churned ARR; the single cleanest measure of recurring-revenue growth in a period.
Net Revenue Retention (NRR): Measures how much revenue existing customers generate year-over-year including expansion, contraction, and churn. NRR above 120% is exceptional (customers spend more). The SaaSpocalypse thesis predicts NRR compression as agents replace SaaS seats.
Networking Fabric: The interconnect architecture linking compute nodes; topologies include Spine-Leaf, Fat-Tree, and Dragonfly.
Node (Process Node): A semiconductor manufacturing generation labeled by feature size (3nm, 5nm, 7nm); smaller is denser but harder to manufacture.
Numerator Regime: A Closelook term for a market phase where index returns come from the numerator — earnings and physical output growing — rather than the denominator, multiple expansion driven by falling rates or share buybacks. The two regimes reprice "expensive" differently.
NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express): A high-speed storage protocol built for flash; the standard for the data-pipeline layer feeding AI training.

O

OHLC: Open, High, Low, Close — the four price points that summarise a trading interval. OHLC bars and their cousin, the candlestick, are the foundation of price charts and almost every technical pattern. Closelook's Stock Detail page renders OHLC with a 50/200 SMA overlay using the LightweightCharts library.
Open Interest: The total number of outstanding option or event contracts not yet closed or settled; a liquidity and positioning indicator.
Operating Margin: Operating income divided by revenue; mature SaaS targets 25%+, and compression is an early agentic-disruption warning.
Optical Transceiver: A device converting electrical signals to optical for fiber networking; LITE, COHR, and FN are pure-play beneficiaries.
Option-Adjusted Spread (OAS) New: The extra yield a corporate bond pays over Treasuries after removing the value of any embedded call or put option, so bonds with different structures can be compared. Index-level OAS for investment grade and high yield is the standard gauge of credit conditions.
OTM (Out-of-The-Money): An option with no intrinsic value: a call with the stock below the strike, or a put with the stock above the strike.
Outcome-Based Pricing: Pricing tied to results delivered rather than seats or usage; the Work-as-a-Service monetization model for software that executes work.

P

Pairs Trading: A market-neutral relative-value trade: long one instrument, short a related one, betting the spread between them converges. Sound pairs are cointegrated, meaning the spread itself is stationary — correlation alone is not enough.
Pattern 03 (NVIDIA Authority): Closelook's live cohort of Strategic Authority trades, reporting an XIRR of +109%.
Pattern Engine: Closelook's live signal feed applying Lab pattern methodology to current markets in real time.
PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express): The standard interface connecting GPUs and storage to servers; the PCIe 5.0 to 6.0 transition is underway.
PEG Ratio: Price / Earnings divided by earnings growth rate. PEG below 1 is the textbook growth-at-a-reasonable-price threshold; PEG above 2 signals the market is paying richly for growth assumptions that may not materialise. HALO 100 uses PEG bands as part of its compounder screen; Hypergrowth relaxes them in exchange for higher growth signal.
Photolithography: Light-based patterning of circuits onto silicon; the foundational step beneath all modern chip manufacturing.
Photonics (Silicon Photonics): Optical interconnects integrated directly with silicon; the foundation of co-packaged optics for next-generation AI systems.
Physical Layer New: The part of the AI stack that sells compute — chips, memory, packaging, optical interconnect, power, cooling and data-centre construction — as opposed to the application layer that buys it. The two halves of the AI trade move in opposite directions when the discount rate or the pace of the frontier changes.
Piotroski F-Score: Joseph Piotroski's 2000 nine-point fundamental checklist — profitability, balance-sheet trend and operating efficiency, one point each. 8–9 = fundamentally strengthening, 0–2 = deteriorating.
Polymarket: A crypto-based prediction market with an offshore regulatory structure, settling in stablecoins rather than fiat.
Post-Earnings Announcement Drift (PEAD): The documented tendency of a stock to keep drifting in the direction of an earnings surprise for weeks after the print, rather than repricing instantly to the new information — first documented by Ball and Brown in 1968.
Power Density: The electrical power consumed per rack; AI racks run 50-120kW versus 5-10kW for traditional racks.
PPI (Producer Price Index): A measure of wholesale-level inflation; it tends to lead consumer inflation (CPI) by feeding into final goods prices.
Premium (Options): The price paid by the option buyer and received by the seller for the contract; quoted per share, multiplied by 100 per contract.
Print Record New: Closelook’s scored log of earnings reports: each print gets a window of ±3% around the last close before the report and is scored on the third close after it — above the window is “paid”, below is “sold”, inside is “flat”. It measures whether beats get rewarded, not whether estimates were beaten.
Private Credit New: Loans made by non-bank funds directly to companies, outside public bond markets — the fastest-growing source of financing for AI data centres. Listed business development companies and alternative managers are the public proxies for a market that otherwise reports with a lag.
Prospect Theory: Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky's 1979 model of decision-making under risk: outcomes are evaluated as gains and losses relative to a reference point, losses are weighted roughly twice as heavily as equivalent gains, and probabilities are systematically distorted.
Protective Put: A long put bought against a held stock position; portfolio insurance with a known, fixed cost.

Q

QE (Quantitative Easing): Central bank asset purchases that expand the balance sheet and inject liquidity; an expansionary, risk-asset-friendly regime.
QT (Quantitative Tightening): Central bank balance-sheet reduction that withdraws liquidity; a contractionary regime that pressures risk assets.
Quad Witching New: The third Friday of March, June, September and December, when stock-index futures, index options, single-stock options and single-stock futures all expire on the same day. Volume spikes, the close is distorted by hedging flows, and a month’s positioning is settled.
Quick Ratio: (Current assets minus inventory) divided by current liabilities. Measures short-term liquidity without assuming inventory can be sold quickly. Above 1.0 means a company can cover near-term obligations from liquid assets alone. Rubin 100 requires a Quick Ratio above 1.2 for cyclical semiconductor and memory constituents — margin of safety for capex-heavy names.

R

Rack (Server Rack): The physical unit housing servers in a data center; AI rack densities run 10-25x traditional power levels.
Real Yield: Nominal yield minus expected inflation; the cleaner asset-allocation signal than nominal rates alone.
Realized Volatility: Realized volatility (RV) is the actual, historical volatility of a security computed from its past price returns, in contrast to implied volatility (IV), the market's forward-looking estimate priced into options. The IV-RV spread is the volatility risk premium.
Reference Portfolio: Closelook's eight live model portfolios run with real capital — skin-in-the-game framing, not benchmark tracking.
Reflexivity (Markets): A feedback loop where a market price influences the very outcome it is trying to predict.
Regime: A persistent market state defined not by the calendar but by the combination of volatility, correlation, breadth and momentum. Risk-on, risk-off and transition are the three canonical regimes. Closelook's Money Temperature composite classifies the live regime across calm / warning / stress. See the full Market Regime entry for the Closelook framework.
Relief Rally: A relief rally is a sharp bounce that follows a feared outcome failing to materialize — an earnings miss that wasn't as bad as priced, a policy risk that didn't land — rather than a change in the underlying trend. Bear-market bounces are historically among the sharpest rallies markets produce, which is exactly why they are easy to mistake for a reversal.
Remaining Performance Obligations (RPO) New: The total value of contracted revenue a company has not yet recognised — its backlog under accounting rules. A large RPO signals future revenue, but its value depends on how long it takes to convert and on the discount rate applied while it waits.
Resolution (Prediction Markets): The criteria that determine a contract's payout; ambiguous resolution wording is the source of most retail losses.
Return Dispersion: The cross-sectional spread of individual stock or sector returns inside an index over a given window. High dispersion means constituents are moving in very different directions and stock selection matters; low dispersion means most names move together and the index-level move dominates.
Revenue Quality: How durable and predictable a revenue stream is: recurring versus one-time, contracted versus cyclical.
Reward Hacking New: When an AI system finds a way to score highly on the objective it is trained on without doing what the objective was meant to reward — passing the test rather than solving the task. A known failure of reinforcement learning and the reason self-graded improvement loops need outside checks.
Rho: The options Greek measuring sensitivity to interest-rate changes; negligible for most short-dated positions, relevant for LEAPS.
Risk-Off / Risk-On: A regime classification describing capital flowing from risky to safe assets (risk-off) and back (risk-on).
ROCm: AMD's open-source GPU compute platform; the principal alternative to CUDA, but lagging in ecosystem maturity.
ROIC: Return on Invested Capital — after-tax operating profit divided by the capital tied up in the business (equity plus net debt). The core quality metric: it measures what the company earns on every dollar it employs, independent of leverage.
Rolling (Options): Closing one option position and simultaneously opening another at a different strike or expiry; the core defensive maneuver for short premium.
RSI (Relative Strength Index): Wilder's 1978 momentum oscillator. Compares the magnitude of recent gains to recent losses and outputs a value from 0 to 100. Above 70 is overbought, below 30 is oversold; divergences between price and RSI often precede reversals. The Pattern Engine flags RSI divergences as one of 51 patterns in the Directional Alpha library.
Rubin 100: Closelook's AI build-out equity index of 100 names across 6 layers and 18 sectors.
Rule of 40: A benchmark stating revenue growth % plus operating margin % should total at least 40; most public SaaS has fallen below it since 2022.
Runway: The number of months until a company runs out of cash, calculated as cash balance divided by monthly net burn.

S

Sales Efficiency: Revenue generated per dollar of sales and marketing spend; an alternative framing of the Magic Number.
Scarcity Premium New: The extra valuation a company earns while its product is in short supply — customers pay up, margins widen, and the multiple assumes the queue never shortens. It is the first thing a market removes when supply catches up or demand is managed.
Seasonal Window New: The stretch from mid-September to late October in which US equities have historically posted their weakest average returns and their largest share of sharp drawdowns. A seasonal window is a base rate, not a forecast — it changes the odds attached to a trade, not its direction.
Seat-Based Pricing: Per-user-per-month SaaS pricing; structurally vulnerable to agent-driven seat compression as software replaces human operators.
Sector Rotation: Sector rotation is capital migrating between sectors as the economic cycle or market regime shifts — classically from financials and discretionary early in a cycle toward energy and staples late in it. A modern intra-tech version rotates between semiconductors and software as the AI cycle moves between build-out and deployment.
Sentinel Ticker: A Closelook concept: companies at supply chain chokepoints whose data provides early warning for the broader cycle. The three Sentinel Tickers are ASML, Advantest, and Micron.
Settlement (Prediction Markets): The payout phase after a contract resolves; settlement can lag the underlying event by days or weeks.
Sharpe Ratio: Risk-adjusted return: excess return over the risk-free rate divided by standard deviation. A Sharpe above 1.0 is good, above 2.0 is excellent. Closelook reports Sharpe ratios for the ten reference portfolios to enable comparison with benchmarks.
Short Gamma: A dealer or portfolio position whose hedge must be adjusted with the market — buying into strength and selling into weakness — which amplifies price moves.
Six-Layer Model: Closelook's functional segmentation of the AI infrastructure supply chain into six layers.
Skew (Volatility Skew): The difference in implied volatility across strikes; equity puts are typically priced at higher IV than equidistant calls.
Slippage: The difference between the expected execution price and the price actually filled; a major cost in thin or fast-moving markets.
SOFR (Secured Overnight Financing Rate): The US risk-free reference rate that replaced LIBOR; the basis for pricing floating-rate instruments.
Soft Landing / Hard Landing: The two macro outcomes of a tightening cycle: containing inflation without recession (soft) versus triggering one (hard).
Sortino Ratio: A risk-adjusted return measure like the Sharpe Ratio but penalizing only downside volatility; rewards strategies that avoid losses.
Sovereign Pressure Index New: Closelook’s composite reading of stress in G7 government-bond markets: standardised ten-year and thirty-year yield levels plus the curve slope, aggregated across the United States, Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy and Canada. It rises when long yields climb and the curve steepens; it falls in a bear flattening.
Spread (Options Spread): Any options position combining a long and a short option; vertical, horizontal (calendar), and diagonal are the main variants.
SRAM (Static RAM): Faster, more expensive memory than DRAM that needs no refresh; used for on-chip caches close to the processor.
SSD (Solid-State Drive): NAND-flash storage with no moving parts; high-end NVMe SSDs form the data layer for AI training pipelines.
Stablecoin: A cryptocurrency pegged to a fiat currency, usually the US dollar; macro-relevant for dollar demand and crypto liquidity flows.
Stack Flip: A binary state change where price crosses a major moving average, typically the 200-day SMA.
Standard Deviation: A measure of dispersion around an average; the statistical foundation beneath Z-Score, Bollinger Bands, and the Sharpe Ratio.
Stochastic Oscillator: George Lane's momentum oscillator: %K measures where the current close sits within the recent high-low range (default 14 periods), and %D is a 3-period average of %K that smooths it into a signal line. Readings above 80 are read as overbought, below 20 as oversold; crossovers and divergence are the standard triggers.
Strategic Authority Investment: Closelook's framework for trading the constraint language used publicly by NVIDIA leadership; live cohort XIRR +109%.
Strike Price: The agreed price at which the underlying shares change hands if an option is exercised; the reference point for all options pricing.
Sub-Index New: A smaller index carved out of a Closelook index by sector, layer, region or tier — for example the Rubin index’s memory, interconnect or Japan groups — each computed with the same equal-, cap- and modified-weight methods as its parent. Sub-indices show where inside a theme the money moved.
Substrate: The foundation layer in chip packaging connecting the die to the circuit board; advanced substrates are constrained alongside CoWoS.
Support & Resistance: Price zones where buying or selling pressure has repeatedly reappeared — formed by anchoring to memorable prices, clustered resting orders, round numbers, prior swing points, and moving averages. Confluence, several independent levels agreeing, is what turns a single line into a level worth watching.

T

Tail Risk: Tail risk is the risk of low-probability, high-impact moves that sit in the fat tails of a return distribution — moves that standard normal-distribution math treats as far rarer than they actually occur in markets.
TAM (Total Addressable Market): The total revenue opportunity a product would capture if it owned 100% of its market. SAM (Serviceable) and SOM (Obtainable) are progressively more realistic subsets. TAM is the ceiling — and when the TAM math stops expanding, the stock's growth multiple compresses. HALO 100 uses TAM expansion as one of four compounder-quality dimensions.
Tape (Closelook Format): Closelook's Monday-Friday live channel of structured market cards with tag-pill filtering.
Term Premium: The extra yield investors demand for holding longer-maturity bonds; it drives the steepness of the yield curve.
Theta: The options Greek measuring daily time decay; the income engine of premium-selling, accelerating in the final 30 days before expiry.
Throughput: The amount of data or work processed per unit time; what bandwidth ultimately enables for AI workloads.
TIPS (Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities): US Treasury bonds whose principal adjusts with CPI; the instrument from which real yields are directly observed.
TOPS (Tera Operations Per Second): An AI inference performance metric counting trillions of operations per second; common in edge and mobile AI specs.
TPU (Tensor Processing Unit): Google's custom AI accelerator ASIC, manufactured with Broadcom; the leading example of hyperscaler custom silicon.
Trend Following: Systematic strategy that buys breakouts and sells breakdowns, assuming trends persist longer than efficient-market theory suggests. The managed-futures industry's canonical approach: momentum + risk parity + small position sizes. Closelook does not run pure trend-following, but the Pattern Engine's 51-pattern library includes moving-average crossovers, channel breakouts and volatility-breakout entries.

U

Unsystematic Risk: Idiosyncratic risk specific to a single company, industry or position — fraud, a lost contract, a failed product launch, a regulatory strike. Diversifiable: adding uncorrelated names reduces unsystematic risk toward zero. Systematic (market) risk cannot be diversified away. Closelook's Reference Portfolios diversify unsystematic risk while preserving thematic systematic exposure.
Usage-Based Pricing: Pricing tied to consumption — API calls, compute, queries; the model agent-friendly software has shifted toward.

V

Vanna: A second-order Greek measuring how an option's delta changes as implied volatility changes — a key driver of dealer hedging when vol moves but price does not.
Vega: The options Greek measuring sensitivity to implied volatility; premium sellers are short vega and profit when IV falls.
Vertical Spread: An options spread using the same expiry but different strikes; defines a fixed maximum gain and maximum loss.
Vig (Vigorish): The house edge built into market prices; how prediction markets and sportsbooks generate revenue regardless of outcomes.
VIX (Volatility Index): The CBOE Volatility Index, measuring expected 30-day volatility of the S&P 500. Higher VIX = more fear. Closelook uses VIX in the Volatility dimension of the Weekly Signal for equity assets. BTC uses DVOL/BVIV instead.
VIXEQ (Constituent Volatility Index): Cboe's gauge of the average expected volatility of S&P 500 members — a 'single-stock VIX'; its gap to VIX reflects implied correlation and dispersion.
Volatility: The magnitude of an asset's price fluctuations, usually as the standard deviation of returns; the generic term above VIX, MOVE, and DVOL.
Volatility Drag: Volatility drag is the gap between a series' average (arithmetic) return and the compound (geometric) return it actually delivers, driven by the variance of the returns: geometric mean ≈ arithmetic mean − σ²/2. It is why a −50% loss needs a +100% gain just to break even, and why lowering volatility — not chasing a higher average return — is often the faster route to compounding.

W

Wafer: The thin silicon disk on which chips are manufactured; wafer allocation is TSMC's primary commercial lever.
Wave Count New: An Elliott-wave reading of where a market sits in its sequence of impulse and corrective waves, written down with the levels that would confirm or invalidate it. Closelook carries a count as an active frame, never as a forecast — it is held only as long as its levels hold.
Wave Degree: Elliott's nesting principle: every wave subdivides into waves of the next-lower degree and aggregates into waves of the next-higher degree. Closelook's chart tool uses a three-level notation ladder — (1)(2)(3), then 1 2 3, then i ii iii — to keep a count internally consistent.
Weighted Average: An average where each value carries a weight reflecting its importance. Index construction stands or falls on weighting choice: cap-weighted, equal-weighted, fundamentally-weighted and momentum-weighted give very different portfolios from the same universe. Rubin 100, HALO 100 and Euro-AI 50 publish all three weightings so users can compare.
Wheel Strategy: An income cycle of cash-secured put, assignment, covered call, and call-away, repeated on stocks you want to own.
Whipsaw: A whipsaw is a trend-following signal that fires, reverses within a short span, and fires again — producing a small loss each time it flips. It is the recurring failure mode of any rule that only profits from sustained directional moves, and it is worst in ranging, directionless markets.

X

XAU (Gold and Silver Index): The PHLX Gold/Silver Sector Index, tracking the 30 largest precious-metals miners — Newmont, Barrick, Agnico Eagle, Wheaton, Pan American. When XAU breaks out against a weakening DXY, the Money Temperature reads stress-regime signals. XAU is one of eight instruments feeding Closelook's macro temperature composite.
XIRR (Internal Rate of Return): A time-weighted return calculation for irregular cash flows; how Closelook reports cohort performance, e.g. Pattern 03 at +109%.

Y

Yield (Semiconductor): The percentage of usable chips from a wafer; falls with each new node and gates how quickly new processes scale.
Yield Curve: The relationship between interest rate and maturity, typically plotted for US Treasuries from 3-month to 30-year. A normal curve slopes upward; a flat curve signals late-cycle; an inverted curve (short rates above long) has preceded every US recession since 1970 at roughly 12-18 months' lag. The yield-curve slope is one of eight Money Temperature instruments.

Z

Z-Score: Standard deviations from the mean: (x minus mu) divided by sigma. Tells you how extreme an observation is relative to its own history. +/- 2 sigma covers ~95% of normal observations, +/- 3 sigma ~99.7%. Closelook's Cointegration Monitor opens pair trades at +/- 2 sigma on the spread and exits near Z = 0.

305 terms · more land with each 101 entry.

FAQ · from the current data

Quick answers

What is the Closelook glossary?

The glossary defines the core finance, quant, options and prediction-market terms used across closelook.net in plain English, with each definition linked to the framework or index that uses it.

How many terms are in the glossary?

The glossary currently defines 305 terms, spanning the letters 2 through Z.

How is the glossary organized?

Entries are grouped alphabetically by first letter, with a jump-to-letter index at the top of the page for quick lookup.

Will more glossary terms be added?

Yes — closelook.net adds a new glossary term with most 101 entries that introduce new vocabulary, so the list grows over time.